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Human genetic resources include specimen samples and related information. The application and regulation of human genetic resources in China started at the end of the 20th century and have progressed rapidly. However， many challenges remain. In this paper， we reviewed the current status of sample conservation and management and provided recommendations for further development of human genetic resources in China. The aim is to effectively protect and rationally utilize China's human genetic resources， safeguard national security and people's health， and promote the building of a community of common health for mankind.
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OBJECTIVE To learn from 340B drug pricing program （short for 340B program） in the United States， and provide reference for optimizing the operation and management of designated retail pharmacies under the “dual channel” policy in China. METHODS The status quos of the implementation of out-of-hospital pharmacies under the 340B program in the United States was reviewed to summarize the experience of the management of out-of-hospital pharmacies under the program in the United States， and to propose thoughts of management and possible problems for designated retail pharmacies under the “dual channel” policy in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Out-of-hospital pharmacies under the 340B program lacked sufficient basic information and medical insurance status of patients compared to medical institutions， which easily led to duplicate discounts and drug diversion issues. Due to the separation of out-of-hospital pharmacies from the management and restrictions on the use of drugs in medical institutions， coupled with the economic incentives brought by the sale of drugs， the 340B program in the United States faced high medical expenditure and adverse selection risks for out-of-hospital pharmacies. In this regard， when China is carrying out the construction of designated retail pharmacies under the “dual channel” policy， it is necessary to clarify the selection criteria for designated retail pharmacies， enhance the financial transparency of medical institutions and designated retail pharmacies， establish a scientific prescription circulation mechanism， strengthen the review and certification of insured patients and prescriptions， and improve the supervision and management mechanism. Meanwhile， the drug sales situation of designated retail pharmacies should be reasonably incorporated into the drug use management of medical institutions， so as to achieve the availability of drugs without abuse， and effectively control costs.
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Objective: To describe gastric cancer incidence in Suzhou cohort, explore the environmental risk factors of gastric cancer in Suzhou, and provide appropriate suggestions for gastric cancer prevention and control. Methods: The participants were from the Suzhou cohort of China Kadoorie Biobank. Baseline survey was conducted from 2004 to 2008, followed by long-term follow-up until December 31, 2013. After the exclusion of those who had been previously diagnosed with peptic ulcer and malignant tumor reported at baseline survey and gastric cancer within six months after enrollment, a total of 50,136 participants were included. Cox proportional risk models were used to identify risk factors of gastric cancer and their hazard ratios in Suzhou. The effect modifications of gender on the association between risk factors and gastric cancer were analyzed. Results: In the follow-up of 7.19 years (median), 374 gastric cancers cases occurred. The standardized incidence was 94.57 per 100 000 person-years. Multivariate Cox proportional risk model analysis found that age (10 years old as a age group, HR=2.20, 95%CI: 1.92-2.53, P<0.001), current smoking (HR=1.84, 95%CI: 1.10-3.07 P=0.020), consumption of preserved vegetables weekly (HR=2.28, 95%CI: 1.28-4.07, P=0.005) and daily (HR=2.05, 95%CI: 1.16-3.61, P=0.013) were risk factors for gastric cancer. Female (HR=0.44, 95%CI: 0.25-0.76, P=0.003) and refrigerator use (10 years as a limit, HR=0.85, 95%CI: 0.74-0.97, P=0.016) were protective factors for gastric cancer. Further analysis showed that there was heterogeneity between males and females in the association between refrigerator use years and the incidence of gastric cancer (P=0.009), and there was an interaction effect between gender and refrigerator use on the incidence of gastric cancer (P=0.010). Conclusions: The incidence of gastric cancer in Suzhou cohort was high. The risk factors of gastric cancer varied. There was a synergistic interaction effect between gender and refrigerator use years on the incidence of gastric cancer.
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Child , Female , Humans , Male , Cohort Studies , Incidence , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Stomach Neoplasms/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Optimizing the drug price management mechanism and improving the availability and affordability of drugs are important in deepening the medical and health reform. The price of drugs in the United States has always been higher than the world average. The price of drugs, the total expenditure on drugs and the personal burden of patients have shown an increasing trend. By exploring the causes of high drug prices in the United States, the author found that there were four main reasons for the current situation of drug prices in the United States, including the interests of enterprises, the limited competition mechanism of the US drug market, relatively insufficient market bargaining power of the US payers, and opaque mechanism of price formation.Firstly, pharmaceutical companies try to achieve their interests by raising drug prices. Secondly, the price formation mechanism of the United States drug market is affected by the price strategy of pharmaceutical companies, and government policies also indirectly affect the role of the market. Thirdly, the payers in the United States are relatively scattered, so that the market bargaining power is relatively insufficient.Fourthly, due to the numerous drug circulation links and stakeholders, the drug price formation mechanism is opaque and lacks supervision. Therefore, when strengthening drug price management in China, we should build a coordination mechanism between the government and the market on the basis of the existing basic economic system and drug management mechanism, establish the strategic purchase and negotiation position of medical insurance for drugs, enhance the transparency of drug circulation and trading, and establish a scientific pricing system. It is also important to promote drug innovation and ensure drug quality.
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Objective To summary the risk factors,clinical characteristics and treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) after cesarean section(CS).Methods The case group enrolled 11 patients who were diagnosed with ACPO after cesarean section in the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China from January 2006 to January 2018.Another 55 patients without ACPO after CS,performed within two weeks' difference from the case group,were randomly selected as the control group.Clinical data of all subjects were analyzed retrospectively.Potential clinical risk factors were statistically analyzed.T test,Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.Results In the case group,the abdominal distension presented on 2 d (n=1),3 d (n=7),4 d (n=2) and 17 d (n=1) respectively after CS,and all cases experienced abdominal pain and nausea.Vomiting was reported in some cases.Plain abdominal X-ray images revealed pneumocolon with colon pouch.The maximum diameter of cecum was 6 to 12 cm.Air-liquid levels were observed in two patients.All patients underwent fasting,gastrointestinal decompression,intravenous fluid infusion,correction of electrolyte imbalance,hypertonic saline enema and prophylactic antibiotic treatment.The disease condition lasted two to six days in these patients.Conservative treatment was successful in eight patients and failed in the other three who later went for operations.The maximum cecal diameters in the three patients who underwent surgery were all ≥ 9 cm,among whom one case progressed quickly and laparotomy was tempted to rule out mechanical intestinal obstruction.In this case,the pressure was successfully reduced by placing a thoracic catheter through the anus after the failure of intestinal puncture trying to release the gases.One patient underwent colostomy due to positive signs of peritoneal irritation after a failure of four-day conservative treatment.One patient suffered a relapse after having been treated conservatively for five days,and then underwent surgeries of resection of ileocecum,distal closure of the colon ascendens plus terminal ileostomy due to intestinal perforation.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher postoperative leukocyte count (OR=1.38,95％CI:1.12-1.71,P=0.003) and postoperative body temperature ＞38 ℃ (OR=6.47,95％CI:1.06-39.61,P=0.044) were the risk factors for ACPO after CS.Conclusions Elevated leukocyte count and body temperature ＞38 ℃ were two high-risk factors for ACPO after CS.ACPO is characterized by acute onset,and the first choice is conservative management.Active surgical treatment would be required if conservative treatment fails,especially when the maximum diameter of the cecum is ≥ 9 cm,which may increase the incidence of intestinal necrosis or perforation.
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Objective To investigate the related factors of lymph node metastasis and ovary involvement in endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Methods The clinicopathological data of endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients who underwent surgical treatment at the first affiliated hospital of university of science and technology of China from January 2011 to January 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. A total of 189 endometrioid adenocarcinoma were retrieved in the study. Results In the univariate analysis, D-dimer, preoperative plasma fibrinogen and CA125 levels could be elevated in endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients with ovary involvement (all P<0.05). Endometroid adenocarcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis had lower body mass index (BMI) (t=2.133, P=0.040), preoperative plasma fibrinogen, D-dimer, CA125 levels and BMI were higher in patients with lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). In Logistic regression analysis, D-dimer levels(OR=1.448, 95% CI:1.105-1.898) and preoperative plasma fibrinogen(OR=1.925, 95% CI:1.018-3.640) were elevated in endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients with ovary involvement; Multiparity was the protective factor(OR=0.498, 95% CI: 0.253-0.982) for endometrioid adenocarcinoma patients with lymph node metastasis, but elevated preoperative plasma fibrinogen (OR=2.191, 95% CI: 1.085-4.422) was the risk factor among the patients. Conclusion Increased preoperative plasma fibrinogen or D-dimer levels could be predictors of lymph node metastasis or ovary involvement in endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
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Objective To analyze the causes and influencing factors of maternal mortality and provide the basis for reducing maternal mortality. Methods Forty-five cases of maternal death were collected in our hospital from October 2006 to October 2016, and their age, pregnancy care, cause of death and their assessment were retrospectively analyzed. Results The mortality rate of maternal mortality showed a decreasing trend in 11 years. Seventeen died of direct obstetric factors, and 28 died of indirect obstetric factors. Eighteen cases were inevitable death, and 27 cases were avoidable death. The delivery mothers in our hospital were mainly affected by the individual and family factors of the maternal and family. The pregnant women transferred to our hospital after childbirth were also affected by the knowledge, skills and medical resources of the health care system. Conclusion It is an effective measure to reduce maternal mortality by strengthening propaganda, education and perinatal care, improving maternal health awareness and improving the technical level of medical staff.
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Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) refers to RNA transcripts with more than 200 nucleotides in length, which plays regulatory roles directly in the form of RNA. Their functions are affected by their secondary structures, post transcriptional modification and so on. LncRNA can be classified to various subtypes with complicated mechanisms. In human-induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), dynamic expression of some lncRNAs is detected during the neuronal differentiation, and a series of lncRNAs associated closely with the development process of the central nervous system (CNS) are found. This review summarizes the molecular biological properties of lncRNA and their regulatory functions in the development of the CNS, which is helpful to reveal the mechanisms of the pathogenesis and progression of certain neurological diseases and results in innovation of their diagnosis and treatment.
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Blood vessels are often subjected to axial torsion (or twist) due to body movement or surgery. However, there are few studies on blood vessel under twist. This review first summarizes the clinical observation on the twist of blood vessels and then presents what we know about the mechanical behaviors of blood vessel under twist, including the constitutive models. The state of art researches on the remodeling of blood vessels under twist via ex vivo organ culture, in vivo animal experiments, and mathematical model simulations are further discussed. It is our hope that this review will draw attention for further in-depth studies on the behavior and remodeling of blood vessels under twist.
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Journal of Medical Biomechanics was founded in 1986. As a technical periodical, the journal aims at reflecting the latest scientific and clinical achievement and progress in the field of biomechanics, and promoting academic exchange of biomechanics both in China and abroad. By June 2016, the journal has officially published a total of 31 volumes and 124 issues, and great progress has been achieved in its publishing quality and academic influence. In this article, the 30-year development of the journal is reviewed, and future work is prospected in the aspect of improving quality, digitalization and internationalization of the journal.
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Objective To explore the role of the improved computer aided design of the digital three -dimensional titanium mesh in the repair of skull,to reduce the incidence of postoperative epidural hematoma and epidural fluid.Methods Retrospective analysis of 93 cases of skull repair using the three -dimensional titanium mesh was conducted.49 cases in the conventional group used the conventional three -dimensional titanium mesh. 44 cases in the observation group were given the improved three -dimensional titanium mesh.The clinical effect of the two groups was observed.Results In the conventional group,postoperative epidural hematoma occurred in 4 cases, 1 case of epidural fluid.All patients were fine in the observation group.The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh could reduce the incidence of epidural hematoma and effusion(χ2 =4.745,P =0.029).The conventional group and the observation group both had one case of infection after operation,there was no significant difference between the two groups(χ2 =0.001,P =1.000).Conclusion The improved three -dimensional titanium mesh can effective-ly reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the curative effect of the operation.
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Objective To study the role of cyclic strain-modulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) played in the quantity and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) expression of endothelial microparticles (EMPs). Methods The endothelial cells (ECs) primarily cultured from rat aorta were applied with 5% cyclic strain (to simulate normal physiological condition) and 18% cyclic strain (to simulate hyper-tension condition), respectively, by using FX-4000T cyclic stain loading system for 24 hours at the loading frequency of 1.25 Hz. The mRNA expression of TNF-α under different amplitudes of cyclic strain was determined by real time-PCR. The TNF-α was then used to stimulate the ECs from rat aorta, and the supernatants were collected and ultracentrifuged to get endothelial microparticles (EMPs), which were then identified by lipophilic styryl membrane staining and transmission electron microscope for morphological identification. The quantities of Annexin V positive EMPs under TNF-α stimulation were counted by flow cytometer and ICAM-1 expression on EMPs was detected as well. Results Compared with the 5% normal cyclic strain, under 18% high cyclic strain condition,the mRNA expression of TNF-α in ECs increased significantly. TNF-α could then significantly up-regulate the production of Annexin V positive EMPs and promote the expression of ICAM-1 on EMPs. Conclusions The over-expression of TNF-α in ECs under high cyclic strain might mediate the high production of EMPs and over-expression of ICAM-1 on EMPs. The research findings will provide new experiment evidence for further studying the role of EPCs in the mechanobiological mechanism of vascular remodeling.
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Objective To investigate the role of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) in the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by low shear stress (LowSS). Methods Using co-culture parallel plate flow chamber system, endothelial cells (ECs) and VSMCs were co-cultured and applied with normal shear stress (1.5 Pa) and LowSS (0.5 Pa) for 12 h. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the co-cultured VSMCs was detected by Western blotting to determine the proliferation capacity of VSMCs. Real-time PCR was used to examine the miR levels of miR-34a in the co-cultured VSMCs. The target proteins of miR-34a were predicted by TargetScan, miRWalk and some other websites. Western blotting was used to detect expression of Forkhead box j2 (Foxj2) in the co-cultured VSMCs. Mimics and inhibitor were used to up-regulate or inhibit the expression of miR-34a, and then the expression of Foxj2 and PCNA was detected by Western blotting to verify the regulation relationship between miR 34a and Foxj2. Results Compared with NSS, LowSS promoted the PCNA expression and significantly up-regulated the miR-34a expression in the co-cultured VSMCs. Foxj2 was predicted to be the downstream target protein of miR-34a by TargetScan, miRWalk and some other websites. Foxj2 expression decreased significantly in the co-cultured VSMCs under LowSS application. Under static condition, the expression of Foxj2 obviously decreased and the expression of PCNA obviously increased by up-regulating miR-34a expression in VSMCs. While inhibiting the expression of miR-34a in VSMCs would result in a significant increase in the expression of Foxj2 and a significant decrease in the expression of PCNA. Conclusions LowSS can promote the proliferation of VSMCs by regulating miR-34a and target protein Foxj2 in the co-cultured VSMCs. This research finding will provide new mechanobiological experimental reference for further illustrating the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and finding the therapeutic targets for drugs.
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Objective To investigate the regulating effect and mechanism of microRNA-21 (miR-21) on extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by vascular remodeling of hypertension. Methods By narrowing the abdominal aorta in rats, the hypertension models were established and divided into 2-week hypertension group and 4-week hypertension group, and sham-operated group was also established as control. VSMCs from the rat aorta were subjected to 0% (static), 5% (normal) and 15%（hypertensive）elongation strain at a constant frequency of 1.25 Hz and duration of 12 hours, respectively. The expressions of Smad 7 and ECM were detected by Western blotting, and the expression of miR-21 was examined by Real-time RT-PCR. Finally, miR-21 siRNA was used to study the role of miR-21 in the mechanical strain-induced expression of ECM, miR-21 and Smad 7. Results Compared with the sham-operated group, ECM and miR-21 in thoracic aorta of 2-week hypertension group were significantly elevated. Collagen I, collagen III and miR-21 in thoracic aorta of 4-week hypertension group were significantly elevated. Compared with the static and 5% strain groups, the protein expression of collagen I in VSMCs did not show significant change, but the protein expression of collagen III was significantly elevated and Smad 7 expression was significantly decreased in 15% strain group. The cyclic strain also enhanced miR-21 expression in VSMCs. miR-21 inhibitor effectively decreased the expression of miR-21 in VSMCs and protein level of collagen III, while enhanced Smad 7 expression under the static and 15% strain. Conclusions The vascular remodeling of hypertension causes the high expressions of ECM and miR-21. The cyclic strain induces the high expression of miR-21, which via Smad 7 results in enhancing the expression of ECM, collagen III especially, in VSMCs under vascular remodeling of hypertension.
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Objective To study the role of abnormally changed migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by low shear stress (LowSS) in vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis as well as the molecular mechanism involved in this process. Methods By using comparative proteomic analysis with two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, differential protein expression profiles of cultured vascular tissues under normal shear stress (NSS) (1.5 Pa) and LowSS (0.5 Pa) were studied. Using endothelial cells (ECs) and VSMCs co-cultured parallel plate flow chamber system, two levels of shear stress i.e. LowSS and NSS, were applied, respectively. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of Rab28 and phosphor-ERK. Transwell system was used to detect the migration ability of VSMCs. After using RNA interference and ERK inhibitor PD98059 to decrease the expressions of Rab28 and phosphor-ERK, respectively, the migration ability of VSMCs was observed again. Results The expression of Rab28 in the cultured rat aorta was significantly up-regulated by the LowSS (0.5 Pa) application in comparison with the NSS (1.5 Pa). The migration, expressions of Rab28, and phosphorylation of ERK in VSMCs were significantly increased by the LowSS application. Target RNA interference of Rab28 significantly decreased the migration of VSMCs, but had no specific effect on the phosphorylation of ERK. Target inhibitor of ERK, PD98059, significantly decreased both the migration and Rab28 expression in VSMCs. Conclusions The LowSS may increase the phosphorylation of ERK and then increase the expression of Rab28 in VSMCs, which subsequently modulate VSMC migration during vascular remodeling. The investigation on the role of Rab28 and its signal path in LowSS-regulated VSMCs as well as the molecular mechanism might provide a biomechanical reference for understanding the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis and finding the therapeutic target of new drugs.
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Objective To investigate the role of pathologically increased-cyclic stretch in proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during hypertension, and the effect of Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) during this process. Methods Coarctation of abdominal aorta above kidney artery of rat was used as hypertensive animal model, and sham-operated animal as control. FX-4000 cyclic stretch loading system was used to apply 5% physiologically cyclic stretch and 15% pathologically cyclic stretch during hypertension on VSMCs in vitro. Western blot was used to reveal the expressions of FOXO1 and phosphor-FOXO1 in VSMCs, and BrdU kit to detect the proliferation of VSMCs in vitro. By using RNA interference in static, the role of FOXO1 on cell proliferation was further detected. Results After abdominal aorta coarctation for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively, the blood pressure was significantly increased compared with the sham operated rats. The proliferation of vascular cells in aorta of hypertensive rat was significantly increased, and so did the expressions of FOXO1 and phosphor-FOXO1. In vitro experiment revealed that 15% cyclic stretch remarkably increased the proliferation and expressions of FOXO1 and phospho FOXO1 in VSMCs. Target siRNA transfection in static decreased the expression of FOXO1 and phosphor-FOXO1, as well as the proliferation of VSMCs. Conclusions Pathologically increased-cyclic stretch may increase the expression and phosphorylation of FOXO1, subsequently modulate VSMC proliferation during hypertension. Based on animal models, this study intends to reveal the role of FOXO1 in vascular reconstruction of hypertension and the involved biomechanical mechanism, so as to make the mechanobiological mechanism of hypertension explicit and discover new target in the prevention and treatment of vascular remodeling.
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Objective To investigate the role of receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation modulated by co-cultured endothelial cells (ECs) and shear stress. Methods Using EC/VSMC co-cultured parallel plate flow chamber system, two levels of shear stress, i.e. low shear stress (LowSS, 0.5 Pa) and normal shear stress (NSS, 1.5 Pa), were applied for 12 h. BrdU ELISA was used to detect the proliferation of VSMCs, and Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of RACK1 and phosphor-Akt. Under the static condition, RNA interference was used to suppress the expression of RACK1 in VSMCs, and then the proliferation of VSMCs and expressions of RACK1 and phosphor-Akt were detected. By using co-culture model (ECs/VSMCs) and separated culture model (ECs//VSMCs), the effect of ECs on expressions of RACK1 and phosphor-Akt in VSMCs was further analyzed. Results Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that LowSS increased the expression of RACK1 in rat aorta. In vitro experiments showed that LowSS induced the proliferation, expressions of RACK1 and phospho Akt in VSMCs co-cultured with ECs. Target RNA interference of RACK1 significantly decreased the proliferation of VSMCs, and the phosphorylation of Akt. In comparison with ECs//VSMCs (separated culture) group, the expression of RACK1 and phosphor-Akt were both up-regulated in the VSMCs co-cultured with ECs (ECs/VSMCs group). Conclusions The expression of RACK1 in VSMCs was modulated by shear stress and neighboring ECs, which might induce cellular proliferation via PI3K/Akt pathway. The investigation on VSMC proliferation and the involved biomechanical mechanism will contribute to understanding and help preventing the pathogenesis and progress of atherosclerosis.
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BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells are important non-hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, which can stimulate angiogenesis. While, Slit can also stimulate angiogenesis, as many studies have proved. OBJECTIVE:To review the biological functions, clinical application and effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Slit2 on promoting angiogenesis. METHODS:A computer-based online research of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed to col ect articles published between 1980 and 2014 with the keywords“MSCs”and“Slit2”in Chinese and English. There were 436 articles after the initial survey. Final y, 65 articles were included according inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Slit2 play an important role in promoting angiogenesis, but the relevance of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Slit2 is stil controversial. If assuming that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells secrete Slit2, more researches should be done to reveal whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promoting angiogenesis is relevant to Slit2 and through which signaling pathway Slit2/Robo functions to adjust bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells thus to promote angiogenesis. If relevant, the transplantation of the Slit2 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells wil be a promising treatment of cerebral infarction and other central nervous injuries.
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Objective To study distributions of the residual stresses on blood vessel, and to provide the biomechanical basis for the finite element research on stress changes in blood vessel. Methods The semi-inverse method was used for getting distributions of residual stresses on blood vessel and the result was compared with that from Commercial Software ABAQUS. On that basis, the interaction between the vessel and implanted stent was simulated to get the influence of residual stress on blood vessel. Results Distributions of three normal stresses on blood vessel obtained from the two methods were almost consistent. It is the residual stress that led to the change of vessel stress distributions, and the position of maximal stress was transformed from the inside to the outside of the vessel. Conclusions Assuming that the vessel has homogeneity and isotropic, both the semi-inverse method and the finite element method would get the similar residual stress distributions; significant differences existed between the stress states of vessel with or without considering residual stress. The stress at the inside of vessel was reduced obviously. Consideration of residual stress will be helpful for understanding the real stress state of vessel after stent deployment and providing references for the optimization design of stent.
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Arteries in vivo are subjected to lumen pressure, shear flow and axial tension due to surrounding tissue tethering. The axial stress affects arterial function including its response to pressure and flow. While the effects of blood pressure and shear flow are well documented, the effects of axial tension on vascular remodeling have just gradually gained attention recently. This review summarizes the results on the observation of the axial tension in arteries and responses of arteries to elevation and reduction of the axial stress. It is concluded that the axial tension in arteries plays an important role in regulating normal arterial function and tissue remodeling and adaptation and disease development. Research on vascular remodeling under axial tension shall strengthen the understanding of normal physiological functions and pathological changes of the arteries.